/* Please refer to readme.html for full Instructions Text[...]=[title,text] Style[...]=[TitleColor,TextColor,TitleBgColor,TextBgColor,TitleBgImag,TextBgImag,TitleTextAlign,TextTextAlign, TitleFontFace, TextFontFace, TipPosition, StickyStyle, TitleFontSize, TextFontSize, Width, Height, BorderSize, PadTextArea, CoordinateX , CoordinateY, TransitionNumber, TransitionDuration, TransparencyLevel ,ShadowType, ShadowColor] */ var FiltersEnabled = 1 // if your not going to use transitions or filters in any of the tips set this to 0 Text[0]=["close window","katerina sarri webotopos "] Text[100]=["","close window "] Text[101]=["please describe your email subject","I do not open emails with attachments "] Text[102]=["","top of page "] Text[1]=["I.P.A.","International Phonetic Alphabet created by International Phonetic Association...
click for more... "] Text[2]=["standard greek pronunciation"," is the modern greek pronunciation, formed through centuries of evolution. Phonological research has shown, that it is slightly different from ancient greek pronunciations.
Greeks pronounce texts from Homer to today’s newspapers in the same way...
click for more... "] Text[3]=["erasmic pronunciation","This is how non-greek students of ancient greek pronounce letters or combinations of letters. This pronunciation in not used by greeks. The Dutch humanist Erasmus Desiderius wrote in 1528 a thesis on the differences of pronunciation of ancient and his contemporary greek. Erasmic style of pronouncing ancient greek was introduced by two Cambridge professors...
click for more "] Text[4]=["diacritics","dia+critic = distinguishing
In phonetics, a mark near a letter indicating a special pronunciation. Ancient greek capital letters had no such marks at all. But the alexandrian scholars added...
click for more "] Text[5]=["hellenistic times","from Alexander’s death to Rome’s consolidation. Alexandria of Egypt was the centre of the hellenistic world.
Hellenistic Koine language dominated till the 4th or 5th e.v. century.
click for more... "] Text[6]=["consonantgramme","One symbol represents a consonant sound accompanied or not, by inferred vowel(s). "] Text[7]=["groups of greek alphabet types","Many versions grouped by philologists in two main groups: Eastern and Western. The East-West orientation is not absolute because each ancient greek city mothered colonies at different geographical directions. The colony used the same alphabet-version as the metropolis.
click for more..."] Text[8]=["stress marks","Marks for vowels, indicating loudness.
Since 1982, we use only one.
The ancient greeks used no stresses at all.
The alexandrian scholars created three stresses for loudness: okseia, vareia and perispomene
(indicating the lost muscial prosody)...
click for more... "] Text[9]=["capital small letters","THEANCIENTGREEKSUSEDONLYCAPITAL (majusculae) letters with no spaces.
There were two main styles: the so-called Eastern and Western. Small (minusculae) letters were introduced by the Alexandrian scholars during hellenistic times and were gradually used at all texts.
click for more... "] Text[10]=["digramme digraph","greek words meaning: two-letters
δίγραμμα = digramme
δις=twice + γράμμα=letter
Combination of two letters.
A monogramme is a one-symbol letter. "] Text[11]=["palatal","In phonetics, a sound uttered with the back of the tongue at, or near the hard palate (the upper side of our mouth). e.g. [c] in cute. In contrast to velar [k] as in cool. "] Text[12]=["breathing aspiration marks","marks to show aspiration at the beginning of greek words were created by alexandrian scholars. They are two:
Daseia, is a -h- sound pronounced in erasmic but not in standard greek.
Psile, indicates the absence of any such sound. In 1982 they were officially abandoned...
click for more... "] Text[13]=["AΛEΞANΔPEIA","today: (arabic)Al-Iskandariyah in Egypt, city built by Alexander in 331 a.e.v. Famous for the Museum, the greatest Library and study centre of hellenistic times. Here, scholars produced a huge output of theses, commentaries, etc., on every aspect of human knowldege. Alexandria was...
click for more..."] Text[14]=["allophone","allo=other phone=voice
a variation of a phoneme which does not differentiate meaning...
click for more... "] Text[15]=["polytonic-monotonic","Stress accent systems
of modern greek script.
Polytonic (literally: multi-accented) uses the hellenistic diacritic marks.
Monotonic (literally: one-accent) uses
only one stress accent
and is official since 1982...
click for more... "] Text[16]=["BYZANTIUM","Modern historians refer to the middle times of the Eastern Roman Empire as the byzantine era.
It all started from a man called Byzas...
click for more... "] Text[17]=["diphthong=twosounds","δίφθογγος = diphthong
δις=twice + φθόγγος=sound
Two sounds pronounced in a fast, linked way. E.g. [ai] as in ice is a diphthong. "] Text[18]=["orthography=correct-spelling","greek oρθoγραφία [orθoγra`fia] = correct writing
oρθός [or`θos] = correct (adj.masc.)
γράφω [`γrafo] = I write"] Text[19]=["greek vowels","In modern greek there are only five vowel sounds: [a e i o u]
In greek script there are many vowel letters or combinations of letters.
Why not only five symbols? Because the ancient greeks...
click for more"] Text[20]=["DIALYTICS=dis-solvers","δια=dis+λύω=tie
untie, dissolve"] Text[21]=["prosody","pros+ode
The musical intonation in languages associated with short or long value of syllables (not stress). It is very important to poetry. Ancient Greek was one of the languages that used prosody, as is Chinese. Later, ancient Greek swaps to stress accents."] Text[22]=["dichronous","δίχρονος = bi-valued
δις=twice
+
χρόνος=time
A vowel that behaved sometimes as short and sometimes as long. These were: A alpha, I iota and Y upsilon.
In modern greek, all vowels are pronounced short. "] Text[23]=["larynx"," = upper part of throat, where the vocal cords are.
From the word λάρυγξ (nominativus) - λάρυγγος (genetivus) "] Text[24]=["monophthong=onesound","μονο-=alone,one
+
φθόγγος=sound
Utterance of one-sound. In contrast to diphthong (combination of two sounds). "] Text[25]=["a.e.v. - e.v.","latin: ante eram vulgarem = before common era (b.c.e)
era vulgari: common era "] Text[26]=["click to see a chart","the shapes of letters
in 32 ancient greek cities
.gif 1369X1300 of 422kb "] Text[27]=["KOINH","[ci`ni] koine=common
The various ancient greek dialects crystallise into KOINH. It was the lingua franca of hellenistic times. It spread since Alexander’s death (324 a.e.v.), through Roman times, to the 4th-5th centuries.
click for more..."] Text[28]=["Ionic Ionians","Ionic (or attic of classical times) is the language used in the classic ancient greek texts of Aristotle, Plato, Thucydides etc. Ions were the inhabitants of Attica, who spread at the Aegean Sea and Asia Minor. Their style in language, art, architecture, political life was the most refined in all greek antiquity. Today one would call Ion,...
click for more... "] Text[29]=["monogramme=oneletter","μoνόγραμμα = monogramme
μoνo=one,alone
+
γράμμα=letter
A monogramme is a one-symbol letter. In contrast to digramme (combination of two letters)."] Text[30]=["phoneme","sound recognized as distinct meaningful
click for more "] Text[31]=["greek numerals","The ancient greeks used the letters of their alphabet as numbers. The classic version is presented here.
...click for more... "] Text[32]=["hiero-glyph","hiero- ιερο [iero] erasmic [hiero] = holy
+
glyphic from verb γλύφω [`γlifo] = (anc.mod.gre.) I carve
This is the way the ancient greeks named the ancient aegyptian pictogrammatic script. The holy glyphs!
click for more..."] Text[33]=["pelasgic","πελασγικός [pelazji`kos] = of pelasgic origin
The ancient greek writers referred to prehellenic peoples as pelasgoi. They were the inhabitants of Eastern Mediterranean before the entrance of greek peoples. "] Text[34]=["Eteocretan"," people/language/script
eteo- + cretan
ετεός anc.gre. [ete`os] = authentic, original
Crete: greek island in the middle of the Mediterranean sea. The word KPHTH is of uncertain prehellenic origin.
Presumably, Eteocretans were the deep-ancient prehellenic inhabitants of Crete. The writer Herodotus (HPOΔOTOΣ) says...
Click for more... "] Text[35]=["hypogegrammene-prosgegrammene","Hypogegrammene or hypogegrammenon iota is a subscript iota.
Prosgegrammene or prosgegrammenon iota is an adscript iota."] Text[36]=["Attica","Area sourrouning Athens."] Text[37]=["icon+gram","εικόνα [i`kona] = icon
+
γράμμα [`γrama] = letter
pictogramme, a picture-letter.... "] Text[38]=["idea+gram","ιδέα [i`δea] = idea
+
γράμμα [`γrama] = letter
Symbol that depicts one meaning, idea (not sound). As in: chinese ideogrammes. "] Text[39]=["phonetic","(gre.adjective) φωνητικό [foniti`ko] = vocal
In linguistics, the phonological study of sounds in speech. "] Text[40]=["syllable+gram","συλλαβή [sila`vi] = syllable
+
γράμμα [`γrama] = letter
Letter (symbol) representing one or more versions of a syllable. e.g. one symbol for pa, pe, pi, va, ve, vi, fa, fe, fi versions etc. Such a writing system needs a large number of symbols. "] Text[41]=["boustrophedon","from βους [vus] = ox
+
στροφή [stro`fi] = angle, turn
Writing in the direction a field is plowed. Snakelike direction. One line left to right, continuing right to left, then left to right and so on. "] Text[42]=["Aeolians","were one of the main ancient hellenic peoples. They inhabited mostly Northeastern Aegean and Asia Minor. The root of the word aeol- means swift. They considered Aeolus, the god of winds, as their mythical forefather. Poets Sappho and Alceus wrote their lyrical poems in Aeolic. Also, in music, aeolic mode is the diatonic scale from A to A. "] Text[43]=["idiom","greek idios=the same
The speakers understand each other, slight differences in their language use.
...click for more... "] Text[44]=["dialect","greek dia+lect- leg- (say)
Same language, but the speakers do not understand each other.
...click for more... "] Text[45]=["Dorians","were the last wave of greek incoming peoples (1100 a.e.v.). They were warriors and they invaded the area, carrying IRON and defeating most of the other greek populations (except Attica, as the Athenians say). Mainly inhabited Sparta and...
click for more... "] Text[46]=["lingua franca","lingua = language
franca = (italian, 17th century) Frankish
Any widely spoken language used by speakers of various linguistic origins.
Usually the commonly used language
for commerce, science etc."] Text[47]=["TOYPKOKPATIA","Toύρκoς [`turkos] = Turk
+
-κρατία [kra`tia] = suffix meaning domination.
Period of Ottoman occupation of Greece or the Balkans. For Greece, refers to period from 1453 (fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans) till 1821 (greek revolution beginning). The term appeared in 1834."] Text[48]=["demotic","δημoτική [δimoti`ci] = people’s, demotic
Modern Greek that immersed through all New Time centuries. Since 1976, it is the official language of New Greek State...
click for more..."] Text[49]=["ΦPAΓKOKPATIA","(lat.) Francus, (pl.) Franci = a germanic nation-group that inhabited Roman Galatia c. 3rd e.v. century
(gr.) Φράγκoς [`frangos] = inhabitant of western europe in byzantine times
+
-κρατία [kra`tia] = suffix meaning domination
The era in which greek territories were occupied by western europeans (13th-16th centuries). The term appeared in 1851."] Text[50]=["(B)ENETOKPATIA","Eνετός [ene`tos] or Bενετός [vene`tos] = Venetian
+
-κρατία [kra`tia] = suffix meaning domination
Period of Venice domination in the Mediaterranean. For Greece, especially occupation of Crete and many islands. The term first appeared in 1851."] Text[51]=["katharevousa=clean-language","καθαρεύoυσα [kaθa`revusa] adjective, fem. = being cleansed, purified
The artificial purified language (mainly in written form) that was proposed as the standard language to use in the new Greek state. The goal was to get rid of...
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